Timeline of Historical Film Colors
Introduction
This database was compiled and is elaborated by Barbara Flueckiger, professor at the Institute of Cinema Studies, University of Zurich, with support of the Institute for the Performing Arts and Film, Zurich University of the Arts. It is based on her research at Harvard University in the framework of her project Film History Re-mastered. For more information on the project see article Analysis of Film Colors in a Digital Humanities Perspective and a video produced by Swiss television. Please report errors or suggestions. Many persons and institutions have supported the project, see acknowledgements.
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Detail pages for individual color processes
Follow the links in the column "Color system" to access the currently available detail pages for individual processes. These pages contain more images, a short description, a bibliography of original papers and secondary sources, extended quotes from these sources, downloads of seminal papers, and links.
Results for category "All"
| Year | Color system | Persons (Company) | Images | Principle / patents or original papers / secondary sources |
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| 1930 | Allfarbenfilm | Additive 3 color: Beam-splitter, substandard
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| 1930 | DuPont Vitacolor | (Max B. DuPont) | Additive 2 color: Rotary filter, 16mm
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| 1931 | Magnachrome | Roy Hunter (Universal Films) | Additive 2 color: Bi-pack, half-size
Committee activities: Report of the Color Committee. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, January 1931, pp. 97-102. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, p. 37. Nowotny, Robert A. (1983): The Way of All Flesh Tones. A History of Color Motion Picture Processes, 1895-1929. New York: Garland Pub., pp. 271-272. |
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| 1931 | Coloratura | (Pathé Exchange) | Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, dupitized positive, toned
Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp 99. Nowotny, Robert A. (1983): The Way of All Flesh Tones. A History of Color Motion Picture Processes, 1895-1929. New York: Garland Pub., p. 271. Klein, Adrian Bernhard = Cornwell-Clyne (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.. 2nd revised edition, p. 210. |
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| 1931 | Ufacolor | Kurt Waschneck (Afifa) |         |
Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, mordant toning
P. Ignatow: Ufacolor Process (Das Ufacolor-Verfahren) (pp. 125, in German, no further information on this publication available.) Dr. N. (1937): Ufacolor. In: Film-Kurier. Nr. 183, 9.8.1937, Serie "Farb-Film-Fibel". (in German) Pohlmann, G. (1937): Das Ufacolor-Verfahren. In: Kinotechnik, 19, 1937, pp. 125 f. (in German) Goergen, Jeanpaul (2010): Rotorange und blaugrün. Das Zweifarbenverfahren Ufacolor 1931-1940. In: Filmblatt, no. 43, pp. 77-92. (in German) |
| 1931 | Chimicolor | R. Valette (Syndicat de la Cinématographie des Couleurs) |   |
Subtractive 3 color: Beam-splitter, double-coated film, mordant toning
F. P. 756,344 Coe, Brian (1981): The History of Movie Photography. Westfield, N.J.: Eastview Editions, p. 131. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 212-214. Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel 1969, 386 p. 42. |
| 1931 | Magnacolor | (Consolidated Laboratories) | Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, double-coated
Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 337. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, p. 92. Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel, pp. 43 f. |
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| 1931 | Rotocolor | Harold Muller | Additive 2 color: Rotary filter
Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 37. (1931): Committee activities: Report of the color committee. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 17, July 1931, pp. 116-134, on p. 117. |
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| 1931 | Rota Farbenfilm | Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, mordant toning
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| 1932 | Chemicolor / Ufacolor in GB |  |
Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, mordant toning
Coe, Brian (1981): The History of Movie Photography. Westfield, N.J.: Eastview Editions, p. 129. |
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| 1932 | Spectracolor (= British version of Ufacolor) | Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, mordant toning
Klein, Adrian Bernhard (Cornwell-Clyne) (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co., p. 219. |
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| 1932 | Rouxcolor 2 color / Cineoptichrome | Lucien and Armand Roux |   |
Additive 2 color: Beam-splitter
B.P. 385,141, 1932 Anonymous (1948): Revolution in Color? Rouxcolor. In: Time, 51, 7.6.1948, p. 94. (= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,854427,00.html) Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 272-275. Mareschal, Georges (1954): Les procédés de cinéma en couleurs. In: Technique Cinématographique, 25,147, 1954, pp. 286-313, on pp. 292-293. (in French) |
| 1932 | Cinecolor subtractive 2 color | William T. Crespinel (Cinecolor Corporation) |  |
Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, duplitized film
Crespinel, William T. (1933): As to Cinecolor. In: American Cinematographer, Vol. 14, pp. 355, 380-381. Belton, John (2000): CinecoIor. In: Film History, Vol. 12, No. 4, Color Film (2000), pp. 344-357. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 102-106. Nowotny, Robert A. (1983): The Way of All Flesh Tones. A History of Color Motion Picture Processes, 1895-1929. New York: Garland Pub., pp. 195-196. |
| 1932 | Technicolor IV: Three-strip | (Technicolor) |         |
Subtractive 3 color: Color separation, beam-splitter, dye transfer
U.S.P 1.900.140, filed March 9, 1929, patented March 7, 1933 U.S.P. 2.013.116, filed October 21, 1930, patented September 3, 1935 Ball, J. Arthur (1935): The Technicolor process of three-color cinematography. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 25,2, 1935, pp. 127-138. Kalmus, Natalie M. (1935): Color consciousness. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 25,2, 1935, pp. 139-147. Hoch, Winton (1942): Technicolor cinematography. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 39, Aug. 1942, pp. 96-108. Kalmus, Herbert T. (1938): Technicolor Adventures in Cinemaland. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 31,6, 1938, pp. 564-585, on pp. 577-584. Birchard, Robert S. (2006): A Master’s Palette. Jack Cardiff, BSC Reminisces About his Achievements with Technicolor's Three-strip Process. In: American CInematographer, March 2006, pp. 58-65. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 79-81. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 451-478. Hoch, Winton (1944): Technicolor cinematography. In: The technique of motion picture production. A symposium of papers presented at the 51st semi-annual convention of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Hollywood, Cal. New York: Interscience Publ. 1944, pp. 24-36. Basten, Fred E. (2005): Glorious Technicolor. The Movies' Magic Rainbow. South Brunswick: Barnes. Haines, Richard W. (1993): Technicolor Movies. The History of Dye Transfer Printing. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. Higgins, Scott (2007): Harnessing the Technicolor Rainbow. Color Design in the 1930s. Austin: University of Texas Press. Higgins, Scott (1999): Technology and Aesthetics. Technicolor Cinematography and Design in the Late 1930s. In: Film History, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 55-76. Neupert, Richard (1990): Technicolor and Hollywood: Exercising Color Restraint. In: Post Script 10 (1), pp. 21–29. Anonymous (1934): What? Color in the movies again. In: Fortune 10, Oct. 1934, pp. 92-97, 161-162, 164, 166, 168, 171. Nowotny, Robert A. (1983): The Way of All Flesh Tones. A History of Color Motion Picture Processes, 1895-1929. New York: Garland Pub., pp. 243-260. Bourget, Jean-Loup (1995): Esthétiques du Technicolor. In: Jacques Aumont (ed.): La Couleur en cinéma. Mailand: Mazzotta. (in French) Biberman, Edward (1946): ... In Glorious Technicolor In: Hollywood Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Oct., 1946), pp. 50-56. Kalmus, Herbert T. (1993): Mr. Technicolor. Absecon, N.J.: Magic Image Filmbooks. Koshofer (1993): Seit 75 Jahren Technicolor-Filme. In: Film & TV Kameramann 42,1, 1993, pp. 24-34 [in German]. |
| 1933 | Hillman Process | A.G. Hillman (Colourgravure Ltd., and Gerrard Industries Ltd.) |   |
Additive 3 color: Rotary filter, mirror system with two lenses
E.P. 404,307, 1933 and 414,065 Klein, Adrian Bernhard (Cornwell-Clyne) (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co., pp. 301-302. |
| 1933 | Morgana Process | (Bell-Howell) |  |
Additive 2 color: Alternating filters, 16 mm
Dubray, J.A. (1933): The Morgana Process In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 21,5, 1933, pp. 403-412. Klein, Adrian Bernhard (Cornwell-Clyne) (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co., pp. 150-151. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 39-40. Heymer, Gerd (1943): Die neuere Entwicklung der Farbphotographie. In: Ergänzungswerk zum Handbuch der wissenschaftlichen und angewandten Photographie. Wien: Julius Springer 1943, pp. 337-463, on p. 384. (in German) |
| 1933 | Agfacolor lenticular / Agfacolor Linsenrasterfilm | Gerd Heymer and John Eggert (IG Farbenindustrie, Agfa, Berlin, Filmfabrik Wolfen) |         |
Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen
D.R.P. 558365, 28. October 1928, I.G. Farbenindustrie AG, Dr. John Eggert und Dr. Gerd Heymer. Weil, F. (1933): The Optical-Photographic Principles of the Agfacolor Process. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 20, (April, 1933), No. 4, p. 301-308. Heymer, Gerd (1943): Die neuere Entwicklung der Farbphotographie. In: Ergänzungswerk zum Handbuch der wissenschaftlichen und angewandten Photographie. Wien: Julius Springer 1943, pp. 337-463, on p. 397, p. 399. (in German) Heymer, Gerd (1931): Interferenzerscheinungen an Linsenrasterfilmen. In: Veröffentlichungen des wissenschaftlichen Zentral-Laboratoriums der photographischen Abteilung Agfa, 2, 1931, pp. 111-117. Heymer, Gerd (1933): Auflösungsvermögen und Farbwiedergabe in der Farbrasterphotographie. In: Veröffentlichungen des wissenschaftlichen Zentral-Laboratoriums der photographischen Abteilung Agfa, 3, 1933, pp. 188-207. Heymer, Gerd (1935): Wesen und Anwendung des Linsenrasterfilms. In: Veröffentlichungen des wissenschaftlichen Zentral-Laboratoriums der photographischen Abteilung Agfa, 4, 1935, pp. 151-176. |
| 1933 | Gasparcolor OR Gaspar Color | Béla Gaspar (Gasparcolor Naturwahre Farbenfilm GmbH, Berlin) |         |
Subtractive 3 color: Silver dye-bleach multilayer print film
Gaspar, Béla (1935): Neuere Verfahren zur Herstellung von subtraktiven Mehrfarbenbildern (Gasparcolor-Verfahren). In: Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, Photophysik Photochemie, 34, pp. 119-124. (in German) Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 213–216. Wyckoff, A. (1941): Gasparcolor Comes to Hollywood. In: American Cinematographer, 22 (November 1941), No. 11, pp. 510-511. Coe, Brian (1981): The History of Movie Photography. Westfield, N.J.: Eastview Editions, p. 136. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 419-427. Friedman, Joseph Solomon (1945): History of Color Photography. Boston: The American Photographic Publishing Company, pp. 405-429. Heymer, Gerd (1935): Farbenfilme nach dem Silberbleichverfahren. In: Veröffentlichungen des wissenschaftlichen Zentral-Laboratoriums der photographischen Abteilung Agfa, 4, 1935, pp. 177-186, in German. Schultze, Werner (1953): Farbenphotographie und Farbenfilm. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und technische Gestaltung. Berlin/Göttingen /Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 92-97 (in German). "Dr. N." (1937): Gasparcolor in: Film-Kurier, Nr. 183, 2.8.1937, Serie „Farb-Film-Fibel" (in German). Orosz, Márton (2012): „The Hidden Network of the Avant-Garde“. Der farbige Werbefilm als eine zentraleuropäische Erfindung? In: Sascha Bru et al.: Regarding the Popular. Modernism, the Avant-garde and High and Low Culture. Berlin; Boston. In: De Gruyter. Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press, pp. 183-189 on the Cibachrome process. Koshofer, Gert (1981): Farbfotografie. München: Laterna Magica., Band 2: Moderne Verfahren, pp. 167, 174-177 on Cibachrome. |
| 1934 | Dufaycolor | (Dufay-Chromex) |         |
Additive 3 color: Line screen (réseau), 35 mm and 16 mm, reversal and negative-positive stock
Carson, W.H. (1934): The English Dufaycolor Film Process. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 23,1, 1934 pp. 15-26. Dufay-Chromex (1937): The Dufaycolor Book. London: Dufay-Chromex. Dufaycolor Company, Inc. (1938): The Dufaycolor Manual. Of Interest to Advanced Amateurs, Professional Photographers and Printers. New York: Dufaycolor, Inc. Coe, Brian (1981): The History of Movie Photography. Westfield, N.J.: Eastview Editions, pp. 124-126. Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press, pp. 47-53 Anne Fleming (2002): A Colour Box (Len Lye Recovered). In Roger Smither (ed.), This Film is Dangerous: A Celebration of Nitrate Film (Brussels: FIAF, 2002), pp. 123-125. Kassel Siambani, Elena von (2009): Colour in the British Documentary Film Movement. From Colour Box (1935) to Western Approaches (1944). In: Raphaëlle Costa de Beauregard (ed.): Cinéma et couleur. Paris: M. Houdiard, pp. 219-224, on pp. 220-222. Klein, Adrian Bernhard (Cornwell-Clyne) (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co., pp. 165-196. Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel 1969, 386 pp. 44-45. Friedman, Joseph Solomon (1945): History of Color Photography. Boston: The American Photographic Publishing Company, pp. 166-172 Evans, Ralph Merrill / Hanson, W.T., Jr. / Brewer, W. Lyle (1953): Principles of Color Photography. New York: Wiley, pp. 303-304. Heymer, Gerd (1943): Die neuere Entwicklung der Farbphotographie. In: Ergänzungswerk zum Handbuch der wissenschaftlichen und angewandten Photographie. Wien: Julius Springer 1943, pp. 337-463, on pp. 387-390 [in German]. Schultze, Werner (1953): Farbenphotographie und Farbenfilm. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und technische Gestaltung. Berlin/Göttingen /Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 33-36 [in German]. |
| 1934 | Cinemacolor | Otto C. Gilmore (Cinemacolor Corporation) |  |
Additive 2 color: Beam-splitter, sub-standard vertical
Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 40-41. |
| 1934 | Thomascolor | Richard Thomas |  |
Additive 3 color: 4 images on 65 mm
Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 46-47. Nowotny, Robert A. (1983): The Way of All Flesh Tones. A History of Color Motion Picture Processes, 1895-1929. New York: Garland Pub., pp. 272-273. |
| 1935 | Cosmocolor | Otto C. Gilmore |  |
Additive 2 color: Beam-splitter, double-coated
(1938): Cosmocolor, New Two-Color Process Is Demonstrated. In: Motion Picture Herald, 132 (Sept. 24, 1938), p. 24. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 42-43. Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel 1969, p. 45. |
| 1935 | Dascolour | L. J. Dassonville |  |
Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, double-coated print
Klein, Adrian Bernhard = Cornwell-Clyne (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.. 2nd revised edition, pp. 210-211. |
| 1935 | Francita-Reality / Francita / Opticolor / Realita | (Société de films en Couleurs Naturelles Francita) |    |
Additive 3 color: Beam-splitter and rotary fllter, substandard
Klein, Adrian Bernhard = Cornwell-Clyne (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.. 2nd revised edition, pp. 160-161. Heymer, Gerd (1943): Die neuere Entwicklung der Farbphotographie. In: Ergänzungswerk zum Handbuch der wissenschaftlichen und angewandten Photographie. Wien: Julius Springer 1943, pp. 337-463, pp. 385-386. Genaitay, Sonia; Dixon, Bryony (2010): Early Colour Film Restoration at the BFI National Archive. In: Journal of British Cinema and Television, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 131-146, on pp. 141-146. |
| 1935 | Harmonicolor | Maurice Combes | Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, double-coated
Klein, Adrian Bernhard = Cornwell-Clyne (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.. 2nd revised edition, pp. 211-212. |
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| 1935 | Kodachrome reversal | Leopold D. Mannes and Leopold Godowsky (Eastman Kodak) |     |
Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm
Mannes, L.D.; Godowsky, L. Jr. (1935): The Kodachrome Process for Amateur Cinematography in Natural Colours. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 25, July 1935, pp. 65-68. Rijper, Els (2002): Kodachrome. The American Invention of Our World, 1939-1959. Delano Greenidge Editions: New York. Coe, Brian (1978): Colour Photography. The First Hundred Years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant, pp. 121 ff. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 114-121. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 427-451. |
| 1935 | Crosene Process | Gabriel G. Moreno (Crosene Corp.) | Additive 4 color: Bi-pack, substandard
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| 1936 | Telco Color, additive 2 color | Leon Ungar and K. R. Hoyt | Additive 2 color: Split optics, side by side
Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 43-46. |
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| 1936 | Hirlicolor | George Hirlimann |   |
Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack
Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel, pp. 43–44. |
| 1936 | Berthon-Siemens / Siemens-Berthon / Siemens-Perutz-Verfahren / Opticolor | Rodolphe Berthon (Siemens &. Halske AG) |  |
Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen
Storch, P. (1936): Das Berthon-Siemens-Farbfilmverfahren. In: Siemens Zeitschrift, vol. 16, Sept. 1936. (in German) Gretener, E. (1937): Kurzer Überblick über Physik und Technik des Berthon-Siemens- Farbfilmverfahrens. In: Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 18, 90-98 (1937). (in German) Gretener, E. (1937): A Brief Survey of the Physics and Technology of the Berthon-Siemens Color Process. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 447-463. Heymer, Gerd (1943): Die neuere Entwicklung der Farbphotographie. In: Ergänzungswerk zum Handbuch der wissenschaftlichen und angewandten Photographie. Wien: Julius Springer 1943, pp. 337-463, pp. 397-399. (in German) Klein, Adrian Bernhard = Cornwell-Clyne (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.. 2nd revised edition, p. 198. |
| 1936 | Agfacolor Neu / Agfacolor | Wilhelm Schneider and Gustav Wilmanns (IG Farbenindustrie, Agfa, Berlin, Filmfabrik Wolfen) |         |
Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal (from 1936), negative/positive process (from 1939)
Schneider, Wilhelm / Wilmanns, Gustav (1937): Agfa-Color-Neu. In: Veröffentlichungen des wissenschaftlichen Zentral-Laboratoriums der photographischen Abteilung Agfa, 5, 1937, pp. 29-36. (in German) IG Farbenindustrie, Berlin; Hrsg. (n.d.): Das Agfacolor Farbenfilmverfahren. Negativ-Positiv-Verfahren für die Kinoindustrie. Berlin: Deutscher Vlg. o.J. (in German). Senger, Norbert (1943): Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete des Agfacolor-Verfährens. In: Film und Farbe. Vorträge auf der gemeinsamen Jahrestagung "Film und Farbe" in Dresden, 1.-3. Okt. 1942. Berlin: Max Hesse 1943. (in German) Color Committee (1937): The New Agfacolor Process. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, May 1937, pp. 561-562. Lummerzheim, Hermann (1942): Das Agfacolorverfahren für farbige Photographie und Kinematographie. In: Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 63, 1942, pp. 583-586. (in German) Dr. Wilmanns (1941): Wie das Agfacolor-Verfahren entstand. In: Serda, Charlott: Das Farbfoto-Buch vom Film. Breitkopf & Härtel: Leipzig. (in German) Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 353-388. Koshofer, Gert (1999): Die Agfacolor Story. In: Weltwunder der Kinematographie, vol. 5, 1999, pp. 7-106. (in German) Meyer, Kurt (1961): 25 Jahre Agfacolor-Verfahren. Leipzig: Hirzel. |
| 1937 | Dunning Color | Carroll H. Dunning | Subtractive 3 color: Beam-splitter, double-coated
Fernstrom, Ray (1936): Introducing Dunning Color. In: International Photographer, November 1936, pp. 10, 28, 30. Frost, George; Oppenheim, S. Chesterfield (1960): Technical History of Professional Color Motion Pictures. The Patent, Trademark and Copyright Foundation, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 1960), p. 37. (Mimeographed.). (according to Ryan 1977: 112) Klein, Adrian Bernhard = Cornwell-Clyne (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.. 2nd revised edition, p. 227. Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel 1969, p. 45. Nowotny, Robert A. (1983): The Way of All Flesh Tones. A History of Color Motion Picture Processes, 1895-1929. New York: Garland Pub., p. 273. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, p. 106. |
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| 1938 | Telco color subtractive 2 color | Leon Ungar and K. R. Hoyt |  |
Subtractive 2 color: Split optics, side by side, duplitized film
Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 43-46. |
| 1938 | Dufaycolor color reversal | (Dufay-Chromex) | Additive 3 color: Line screen (réseau), 16 mm, reversal
(see detail page on Dufaycolor)
Klein, Adrian Bernhard = Cornwell-Clyne (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.. 2nd revised edition, pp. 193-195. |
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| 1938 | Pantachrom | John Eggert and Gerd Heymer (Agfa) |     |
Subtractive 3 color: Bi-pack and lenticular film recording, duplitized film with toning and silver dye-bleach
Eggert, John; Heymer, Gerd (1939): Das Agfa-Pantachrom-Verfahren. In: Veröffentlichungen des wissenschaftlichen Zentral-Laboratoriums der photographischen Abteilung Agfa, 6, 1939, pp. 46-64. (in German) (1939): Progress in the Motion Picture Industry. Report of the Progress Committee for the Year 1938. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, vol. 33, August 1939, pp. 123-125. Schultze, Werner (1953): Farbenphotographie und Farbenfilm. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und technische Gestaltung. Berlin/Göttingen /Heidelberg: Springer, p. 97. (in German) Kinemat. Weekly, 261 (Nov. 3, 1938), p. 29. |
| 1940 | Technicolor Monopak / Eastman Monopak, type 5267 | (Technicolor / Kodak Eastman) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack
Lightman, Herb A. (1969): Color in the Motion Picture. In: American Cinematographer, 50,1, Jan. 1969, pp. 80-83, on p. 164. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 476-477. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, p. 78. |
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| 1940 | Agfacolor Negative type B | (IG Farbenindustrie, Agfa, Berlin, Filmfabrik Wolfen) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight
Koshofer, Gert (1988): 50 Jahre moderne Farbfotografie. Die Farbfilme des Weltmarktes von 1936 bis 1985. In: MFM, 5/88, pp. 216-217; 6/88, pp. 259-260; 7/88, pp. 306-307. |
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| 1940 | Agfacolor Negative type G | (IG Farbenindustrie, Agfa, Berlin, Filmfabrik Wolfen) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten
Koshofer, Gert (1988): 50 Jahre moderne Farbfotografie. Die Farbfilme des Weltmarktes von 1936 bis 1985. In: MFM, 5/88, pp. 216-217; 6/88, pp. 259-260; 7/88, pp. 306-307. |
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| 1941 | Gaspar Color subtractive 2 color | Subtractive 2 color: Silver dye-bleach
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| 1941 | Agfacolor Negative type B2 | (IG Farbenindustrie, Agfa, Berlin, Filmfabrik Wolfen) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight
Koshofer, Gert (1988): 50 Jahre moderne Farbfotografie. Die Farbfilme des Weltmarktes von 1936 bis 1985. In: MFM, 5/88, pp. 216-217; 6/88, pp. 259-260; 7/88, pp. 306-307. |
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| 1941 | Agfacolor Negative type G2 | (IG Farbenindustrie, Agfa, Berlin, Filmfabrik Wolfen) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten
Koshofer, Gert (1988): 50 Jahre moderne Farbfotografie. Die Farbfilme des Weltmarktes von 1936 bis 1985. In: MFM, 5/88, pp. 216-217; 6/88, pp. 259-260; 7/88, pp. 306-307. |
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| 1942 | Fullcolor | L. S. Trimble (Trimble Laboratories) | Subtractive 2 colors: Bi-pack, duplitized film
Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 106-108. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, p. 333. Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel 1969, pp. 54. |
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| 1945 | Sovcolor cnegative film type B | (Agfa Wolfen GDR, from 1948 GUKP, USSR) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight
Koshofer, Gert (1999): Die Agfacolor Story. In: Weltwunder der Kinematographie, vol. 5, 1999, pp. 7-106, on p. 29. (in German) Happé, Bernard (1984): 80 Years of Colour Cinematography. London: British Kinematograph Sound & Television Society, p. 16. |
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| 1945 | Sovcolor negative type G | (Agfa Wolfen GDR, from 1948 GUKP, USSR) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten
Koshofer, Gert (1988): 50 Jahre moderne Farbfotografie. Die Farbfilme des Weltmarktes von 1936 bis 1985. In: MFM, 5/88, pp. 216-217; 6/88, pp. 259-260; 7/88, pp. 306-307. |
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| 1946 | British Tricolour / Dufaychrome | Jack Coote (Dufay-Chromex Ltd.) |     |
Subtractive 3 color: Beam-splitter, three-strip, multiple printing
Coote, Jack (1948): New Three-Color Camera, In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, vol. 50, June 1948, pp. 543-553. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 414-418. Schultze, Werner (1953): Farbenphotographie und Farbenfilm. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und technische Gestaltung. Berlin/Göttingen /Heidelberg: Springer 1953, p. 36. (in German) |
| 1946 | Sakuracolor | (Konishiroku Photo Industry Co) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal
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| 1946 | Ansco Colorpak / Ansco Color, type 735 | (Ansco Division of General Aniline and Film Corporation) | Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal 35 mm, 12 ASA
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| 1947 | Thomson Color | (Société Thomson) |  |
Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen
Orain, Fred (1947): Un nouveau procédé français de film en couleurs profite d'un Jour de fête pour faire ses «vrais» débuts au cinéma. In: L'Ecran français, mai 1947. Ede, François (1994): Jour de fête ou la couleur retrouvée. Cahiers du Cinéma: Paris. Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 28, 508. |
| 1947 | Americolor | Color Film Company of America | Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, duplitized
Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel 1969, pp. 43. Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, p. 111. |
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| 1947 | Polacolor | W. H. Ryan and V. K. Walworth (Polaroid Corporation) | Subtractive 3 color: Color separation, multicolor dye images
USP 2471574 Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 216-218. Limbacher (1969): Four Aspects of the Film. A History of the Development of Color, Sound, 3-D and Widescreen Films and Their Contribution to the Art of the Motion Picture. New York: Brussel & Brussel 1969, pp. 53. (1948): Report of SMPE Progress Committee. c. Color Processes. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, vol. 50, June 1948, pp. 525-528., on pp. 525-526. |
Last update May 5, 2013 (updated on a regular basis).